[
  {
    "source_id": "S001",
    "title": "Banks: At the Heart of the Matter",
    "author_or_institution": "International Monetary Fund",
    "publication": "Finance & Development",
    "publication_date": "2020-06",
    "direct_url": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/series/back-to-basics/banks",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Modern bank functions, intermediation, maturity transformation, liquidity and risk",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S002",
    "title": "Money: At the Center of Transactions",
    "author_or_institution": "International Monetary Fund",
    "publication": "Finance & Development",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/series/back-to-basics/money",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Functions and forms of money; monetary institutions",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S003",
    "title": "What is money?",
    "author_or_institution": "Bank of England",
    "publication": "Bank of England Explainers",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/explainers/what-is-money",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Central-bank money, commercial-bank deposits and the functions of money",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S004",
    "title": "Money creation in the modern economy",
    "author_or_institution": "Michael McLeay, Amar Radia, Ryland Thomas",
    "publication": "Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin 2014 Q1",
    "publication_date": "2014",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/quarterly-bulletin/2014/money-creation-in-the-modern-economy.pdf",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Bank lending and deposit creation; why textbook money-multiplier accounts are incomplete",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S005",
    "title": "How money is created",
    "author_or_institution": "Deutsche Bundesbank",
    "publication": "Deutsche Bundesbank",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/topics/how-money-is-created-667392",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Commercial-bank book money creation and limits",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S006",
    "title": "The role of banks, non-banks and the central bank in the money creation process",
    "author_or_institution": "Deutsche Bundesbank",
    "publication": "Monthly Report",
    "publication_date": "2017-04",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/654284/df66c4444d065a7f519e2ab0c476df58/mL/2017-04-money-creation-process-data.pdf",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Balance-sheet mechanics of bank money creation and institutional limits",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S007",
    "title": "What is money?",
    "author_or_institution": "European Central Bank",
    "publication": "ECB Explainers",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb-and-you/explainers/tell-me-more/html/what_is_money.en.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Money, bank deposits and central-bank liabilities",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S008",
    "title": "What is Money?",
    "author_or_institution": "Reserve Bank of Australia",
    "publication": "RBA Education",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.rba.gov.au/education/resources/explainers/what-is-money.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Money functions and distinction between physical and deposit money",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S009",
    "title": "The next-generation monetary and financial system",
    "author_or_institution": "Bank for International Settlements",
    "publication": "BIS Annual Economic Report 2025",
    "publication_date": "2025",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2025e3.htm",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Tokenisation, central-bank money, payments and future monetary architecture",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S010",
    "title": "Credit and Management",
    "author_or_institution": "Marc Van De Mieroop",
    "publication": "The Ancient Mesopotamian City, Oxford Academic",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://academic.oup.com/book/47266/chapter/422652313",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Mesopotamian credit, accounting, merchants and institutions",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S011",
    "title": "The Code of Hammurabi",
    "author_or_institution": "Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library",
    "publication": "The Avalon Project",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Translated legal provisions concerning loans, deposits, agents, interest and collateral",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S012",
    "title": "Emergence of lending and writing, initially used for accounting",
    "author_or_institution": "Cité de l'Économie",
    "publication": "10,000 Years of Economy",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.citeco.fr/10000-years-history-economics/the-origins/emergence-of-lending-and-writing-initially-used-for-accounting",
    "source_tier": "Tier 3",
    "claims_supported": "Early accounting, lending and written records in Mesopotamia",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S013",
    "title": "Cuneiform tablet: administrative account",
    "author_or_institution": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art",
    "publication": "The Met Collection",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327384",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Material evidence for ancient accounting and administrative recordkeeping",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S014",
    "title": "Money, Credit, and Banking",
    "author_or_institution": "Edward E. Cohen",
    "publication": "The Cambridge Companion to the Ancient Greek Economy",
    "publication_date": "2022",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-the-ancient-greek-economy/money-credit-and-banking/700BBFF0D500AB1D224A76A73E836FA4",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Greek money changing, deposits, credit, maritime lending and bankers",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S015",
    "title": "The Role of Merchants and Trade in Ancient Society",
    "author_or_institution": "Michael Jursa",
    "publication": "The Organization of Ancient Economies, Cambridge University Press",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/organization-of-ancient-economies/role-of-merchants-and-trade-in-ancient-society/E317EB7F36A8A9D4261E456D83C0971E",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Ancient merchants, trade finance and institutional context",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S016",
    "title": "The Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BCE)",
    "author_or_institution": "David Warburton",
    "publication": "The Ancient Egyptian Economy, Cambridge University Press",
    "publication_date": "2023",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ancient-egyptian-economy/ptolemaic-period-33230-bce/029A98BAB6F458BA138E6E028C71CAB3",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Ptolemaic administration, monetisation, fiscal systems and banking arrangements",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S017",
    "title": "The Tomb of Wah",
    "author_or_institution": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art",
    "publication": "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-tomb-of-wah",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Evidence for remuneration, provisioning and material economy in Middle Kingdom Egypt",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S018",
    "title": "Accounting and Redistribution: The Palace and Mortuary Cult in the Middle Kingdom, Ancient Egypt",
    "author_or_institution": "Hana Vymazalová",
    "publication": "Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40698261",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Accounting, redistribution and institutional economy in ancient Egypt",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S019",
    "title": "A Bank Register from Early Ptolemaic Egypt",
    "author_or_institution": "Willy Clarysse",
    "publication": "HAL Open Science",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02552381/document",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Documentary evidence for Ptolemaic banking administration",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S020",
    "title": "Tax Receipts, Taxpayers, and Taxes in Early Ptolemaic Thebes",
    "author_or_institution": "Brian P. Muhs",
    "publication": "Oriental Institute Publications, University of Chicago",
    "publication_date": "2005",
    "direct_url": "https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/OIP126.pdf",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Ptolemaic taxation and documentary administration",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S021",
    "title": "Money in Ptolemaic Egypt",
    "author_or_institution": "Sitta von Reden",
    "publication": "Papyri.info Bibliography",
    "publication_date": "2007",
    "direct_url": "https://papyri.info/biblio/20260",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Bibliographic record for monetary and banking institutions in Ptolemaic Egypt",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S022",
    "title": "Banking and Business in the Roman World",
    "author_or_institution": "Jean Andreau; translated by Janet Lloyd",
    "publication": "Cambridge University Press",
    "publication_date": "1999",
    "direct_url": "https://assets.cambridge.org/97805213/89327/excerpt/9780521389327_excerpt.pdf",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Roman professional bankers, deposits, auctions, payments, credit and legal categories",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S023",
    "title": "Financial Intermediation in the Early Roman Empire",
    "author_or_institution": "Peter Temin",
    "publication": "The Journal of Economic History",
    "publication_date": "2004",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/financial-intermediation-in-the-early-roman-empire/90504E48AC16EA9F1EC6B968F5D173BC",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Roman credit markets and financial intermediation",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S024",
    "title": "Argentarii",
    "author_or_institution": "William Smith (ed.)",
    "publication": "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, LacusCurtius",
    "publication_date": "1875",
    "direct_url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA%2A/Argentarii.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 3",
    "claims_supported": "Historical terminology for Roman bankers and money changers",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S025",
    "title": "Early Issues of Paper Currency",
    "author_or_institution": "Reserve Bank of India",
    "publication": "RBI Common Person",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/EarlyIssues.aspx",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Paper currency, private banks and colonial monetary development in India",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S026",
    "title": "Chronology of Events: 1968 to 1985",
    "author_or_institution": "Reserve Bank of India",
    "publication": "RBI History",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://rbi.org.in/scripts/his_Chro1968to1985.aspx",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Official chronology of Indian banking policy and nationalisation period",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S027",
    "title": "Indigenous Bankers and the Colonial Economy",
    "author_or_institution": "Lakshmi Subramanian",
    "publication": "Indian Economic & Social History Review",
    "publication_date": "2023",
    "direct_url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00194646231166439",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Indigenous banking houses, hundi and colonial transformation in South Asia",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S028",
    "title": "Caste as self-regulatory club: evidence from a private banking system in nineteenth-century India",
    "author_or_institution": "M. Nair",
    "publication": "Journal of Institutional Economics",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/caste-as-selfregulatory-club-evidence-from-a-private-banking-system-in-nineteenth-century-india/C1D87362427ECEAF54F228CABED864FD",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Chettiar banking, reputation, network governance and credit",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S029",
    "title": "Family Banking Firms: Shanxi Piaohao and the North Chinese Interior, 1820–1930",
    "author_or_institution": "Luman Wang",
    "publication": "Journal of Chinese History",
    "publication_date": "2024",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-chinese-history/article/family-banking-firms-shanxi-piaohao-and-the-north-chinese-interior-18201930/ED79C0DFB404330BE262766A438BC47D",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Shanxi remittance banks, family firms and inland Chinese finance",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S030",
    "title": "Banking, Credit and Finance in Late Imperial China: The Shanxi Banks",
    "author_or_institution": "Randall Morck and Fan Yang",
    "publication": "NBER Working Paper 15884",
    "publication_date": "2010",
    "direct_url": "https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w15884/w15884.pdf",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Shanxi banks, remittance, governance and financial development",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S031",
    "title": "The Birth of the Modern Chinese Banking Industry",
    "author_or_institution": "Oxford Centre for Global History",
    "publication": "Global Capitalism Case Study",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://globalcapitalism.history.ox.ac.uk/files/case01thebirthofthemodernchinesebankingindustryv4pdf",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Native banks, foreign banks and modern banking development in China",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S032",
    "title": "History of the Bank of Japan",
    "author_or_institution": "Bank of Japan",
    "publication": "Bank of Japan",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.boj.or.jp/en/about/outline/history/index.htm",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Founding and institutional evolution of the Bank of Japan",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S033",
    "title": "History of Bank of China",
    "author_or_institution": "Bank of China",
    "publication": "Bank of China",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.boc.cn/en/aboutboc/ab1/200809/t20080901_1601737.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Institutional chronology of Bank of China",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S034",
    "title": "Applying the Theory: Why the West Got Rich and the Middle East Did Not",
    "author_or_institution": "Jared Rubin",
    "publication": "Rulers, Religion, and Riches, Cambridge University Press",
    "publication_date": "2017",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rulers-religion-and-riches/applying-the-theory-why-the-west-got-rich-and-the-middle-east-did-not/7462AF57E22F47BC44CD0BE35811224A",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Islamic and Christian legal-economic institutions; interest and financial instruments",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S035",
    "title": "Bills of exchange, interest bans, and impersonal exchange in Islam and Christianity",
    "author_or_institution": "Jared Rubin",
    "publication": "Explorations in Economic History",
    "publication_date": "2010",
    "direct_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498309000564",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Bills of exchange, religious rules and institutional development",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S036",
    "title": "Paper Instruments in the Western Sahara and Sahel",
    "author_or_institution": "Ghislaine Lydon",
    "publication": "Cahiers d'études africaines",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/pdf/27569",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Islamic commercial documents, bills and trans-Saharan credit networks",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S037",
    "title": "From Commodity to Currency in Ancient History—On Commerce, Tyranny, and the Modern Law of Money",
    "author_or_institution": "Benjamin Geva",
    "publication": "Osgoode Hall Law School Research Paper",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3612&context=scholarly_works",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Comparative history of transfer instruments including suftaja and hawala",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S038",
    "title": "Cash Waqfs of Bursa, 1555–1823",
    "author_or_institution": "Murat Çizakça",
    "publication": "MPRA Paper",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25336/1/MPRA_paper_25336.pdf",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Cash waqf finance, lending structures and legal debates",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S039",
    "title": "Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies",
    "author_or_institution": "Avner Greif",
    "publication": "Journal of Political Economy",
    "publication_date": "1994",
    "direct_url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/261959",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Merchant coalitions, reputation and enforcement in Mediterranean trade",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S040",
    "title": "The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494",
    "author_or_institution": "Raymond de Roover",
    "publication": "Harvard University Press; Google Books record",
    "publication_date": "1963",
    "direct_url": "https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rise_and_Decline_of_the_Medici_Bank.html?id=3ptzaUifK2AC",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Medici organisation, branches, bills, accounting, sovereign and papal business",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S041",
    "title": "Medieval Accounting",
    "author_or_institution": "Queen Mary University of London",
    "publication": "Borromei Bank Research Project",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.qmul.ac.uk/borromei-bank-research/project-background/medieval-accounting/",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Medieval merchant-bank ledgers and accounting practices",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S042",
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    "source_id": "S044",
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    "source_id": "S045",
    "title": "The Emergence of Central Banks: The Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England",
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    "source_id": "S046",
    "title": "How a Ledger Became a Central Bank: A Monetary History of the Bank of Amsterdam",
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    "source_id": "S047",
    "title": "The Bank of Amsterdam and the Leap to Central Bank Money",
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    "source_id": "S048",
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    "source_id": "S050",
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    "source_id": "S051",
    "title": "A Brief History of Central Banks",
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    "publication_date": "2007",
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    "source_id": "S052",
    "title": "Sveriges Riksbank and the History of Central Banking",
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    "claims_supported": "Comparative central-banking history and definitional cautions",
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    "source_id": "S053",
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    "source_id": "S054",
    "title": "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street: past, present and future",
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    "claims_supported": "Goldsmith bankers, clearing, central-bank development and Bank of England history",
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    "source_id": "S055",
    "title": "Founding and history of the Banque de France",
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    "source_id": "S056",
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    "source_id": "S058",
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    "source_id": "S063",
    "title": "Federal Reserve History",
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    "source_id": "S066",
    "title": "Origins of Commercial Banking in the United States, 1781–1830",
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    "source_id": "S067",
    "title": "The Freedman's Savings Bank",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.occ.gov/about/who-we-are/history/history-of-the-occ/1863-1865/1863-1865-freedmans-savings-bank.html",
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    "claims_supported": "Freedman's Savings Bank, inclusion, governance and failure",
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    "source_id": "S068",
    "title": "Co-operatives and the pursuit of the common good",
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    "source_id": "S069",
    "title": "Our History",
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    "claims_supported": "International credit-union development",
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    "archival_url": "",
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    "source_id": "S070",
    "title": "Making Cross-Border Banking Work for Africa",
    "author_or_institution": "World Bank",
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    "claims_supported": "Cross-border banking, African banking systems and supervisory issues",
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    "archival_url": "",
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    "source_id": "S071",
    "title": "The Evolution of Financial Systems: The Case of Africa",
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    "claims_supported": "Colonial-bank legacies, post-independence reform and financial development",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
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    "source_id": "S072",
    "title": "Long-term issues in international banking",
    "author_or_institution": "Committee on the Global Financial System",
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    "publication_date": "2010",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bis.org/publ/cgfs41.pdf",
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    "claims_supported": "International banking expansion, models and financial stability",
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    "source_id": "S073",
    "title": "Financial Crises: Explanations, Types, and Implications",
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    "publication_date": "2013",
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    "source_id": "S074",
    "title": "Banking Panics of 1931–33",
    "author_or_institution": "Federal Reserve History",
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    "claims_supported": "Great Depression bank runs, contraction and institutional response",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S075",
    "title": "Asian Financial Crisis",
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    "publication": "Federal Reserve System",
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    "source_id": "S076",
    "title": "Crisis and Response: An FDIC History, 2008–2013",
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    "publication_date": "2017",
    "direct_url": "https://www.fdic.gov/publications/crisis-and-response-fdic-history-2008-2013",
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    "claims_supported": "Global financial crisis, bank failures, guarantees and regulatory response",
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    "source_id": "S077",
    "title": "The Subprime Mortgage Crisis",
    "author_or_institution": "Federal Reserve History",
    "publication": "Federal Reserve System",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/subprime-mortgage-crisis",
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    "claims_supported": "Subprime crisis, securitisation, liquidity and bank distress",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S078",
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    "claims_supported": "Sovereign-bank feedback loops",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
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    "source_id": "S079",
    "title": "History of the Basel Committee",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.htm",
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    "claims_supported": "Basel Committee creation and evolution",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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    "source_id": "S080",
    "title": "Basel III: international regulatory framework for banks",
    "author_or_institution": "Basel Committee on Banking Supervision",
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    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bis.org/bcbs/basel3.htm",
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    "claims_supported": "Post-crisis capital, liquidity and regulatory framework",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
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    "source_id": "S081",
    "title": "Non-bank financial intermediation",
    "author_or_institution": "Financial Stability Board",
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    "publication_date": "",
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    "claims_supported": "Shadow banking terminology, monitoring and systemic-risk channels",
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    "source_id": "S082",
    "title": "Central Bank Digital Currency Virtual Handbook",
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    "source_id": "S083",
    "title": "Our story",
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    "claims_supported": "Founding and development of the SWIFT messaging network",
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    "source_id": "S084",
    "title": "Electronic Point-of-Sale Payments",
    "author_or_institution": "Federal Reserve History",
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    "source_id": "S085",
    "title": "A History of the FedACH Service",
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    "source_id": "S087",
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    "author_or_institution": "IBM",
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    "source_id": "S088",
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    "source_id": "S089",
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    "source_id": "S090",
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    "source_id": "S092",
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    "source_id": "S093",
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    "source_id": "S094",
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    "source_id": "S095",
    "title": "Article structured data",
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    "claims_supported": "Article structured-data eligibility and recommended properties",
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    "source_id": "S096",
    "title": "Breadcrumb structured data",
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    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S097",
    "title": "Sitemaps overview",
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    "source_id": "S098",
    "title": "Performance report (Search results)",
    "author_or_institution": "Google Search Console Help",
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    "claims_supported": "Queries, pages, clicks, impressions, CTR and position measurement",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S099",
    "title": "Page indexing report",
    "author_or_institution": "Google Search Console Help",
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    "source_id": "S100",
    "title": "AI features and your website",
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    "claims_supported": "Search-feature eligibility rests on normal Search requirements; no special AI markup",
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    "source_id": "S101",
    "title": "Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Starter Guide",
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    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S102",
    "title": "The Federal Reserve Act Signed into Law",
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    "source_id": "S103",
    "title": "Banking Panics of the Gilded Age",
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    "source_id": "S104",
    "title": "90 Years of the FDIC",
    "author_or_institution": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation",
    "publication": "FDIC",
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    "claims_supported": "Deposit-insurance chronology and historical materials",
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    "source_id": "S105",
    "title": "Lessons Learned from the U.S. Regional Bank Failures of 2023",
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    "claims_supported": "Interest-rate risk, uninsured deposits, runs and supervisory lessons",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S106",
    "title": "Global Monitoring Report on Non-Bank Financial Intermediation 2025",
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    "publication_date": "2025",
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    "claims_supported": "Current size and risk monitoring of non-bank financial intermediation",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S107",
    "title": "Basel Committee reports further progress on Basel III implementation",
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    "publication": "Bank for International Settlements",
    "publication_date": "2025",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bis.org/press/p251003.htm",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Current Basel III implementation status",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S108",
    "title": "Central Bank Digital Currency Tracker",
    "author_or_institution": "Atlantic Council GeoEconomics Center",
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    "publication_date": "",
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    "source_tier": "Tier 3",
    "claims_supported": "Current cross-country CBDC project status; corroboration required",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S109",
    "title": "From the Reichsbank to the Bundesbank",
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    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "German central-bank institutional history",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
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    "source_id": "S110",
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    "claims_supported": "Opening in 1907 and legal structure of the SNB",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S111",
    "title": "Historical Statistics of the Bank of Japan",
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    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/en/historical/hstat/note_all.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Historical Japanese monetary and banking statistical series",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
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    "source_id": "S112",
    "title": "The history of the Bank of Japan, 1882–2016",
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    "publication_date": "2018",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sveriges-riksbank-and-the-history-of-central-banking/history-of-the-bank-of-japan-18822016/D6521CB1F74B7B186D78749E8F252BC5",
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    "claims_supported": "Scholarly history of the Bank of Japan",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S113",
    "title": "The Central Bank's Evolution and Innovation in Historical Perspective",
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    "publication": "Sveriges Riksbank and the History of Central Banking, Cambridge University Press",
    "publication_date": "2018",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sveriges-riksbank-and-the-history-of-central-banking/central-banks-evolution-and-innovation-in-historical-perspective/5661EB496D212F727593C0AA44C826D7",
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    "claims_supported": "Comparative evolution of central-bank mandates and credibility",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S114",
    "title": "Central Banks: Evolution and Innovation in Historical Perspective",
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    "publication": "NBER Working Paper 23847",
    "publication_date": "2017",
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    "claims_supported": "Long-run central-bank evolution and institutional change",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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    "source_id": "S115",
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    "claims_supported": "Change from 'shadow banking' to non-bank financial intermediation terminology",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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    "source_id": "S116",
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    "publication": "Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, draft chapter",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Data/Statistics/BMP7/final-chapters/draft-bpm7-chapter-17-v11-islamic-finance.ashx",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Institutional forms and statistical classification of Islamic finance",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S117",
    "title": "Art of the Ancient Near East: A Resource for Educators",
    "author_or_institution": "Kim Benzel, Sarah B. Graff, Yelena Rakic, and Edith W. Watts",
    "publication": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art",
    "publication_date": "2010",
    "direct_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/art-of-the-ancient-near-east-a-resource-for-educators",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Material culture and writing/accounting context of the ancient Near East",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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    "source_id": "S118",
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    "publication": "The Cambridge Companion to the Ancient Greek Economy",
    "publication_date": "2022",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-the-ancient-greek-economy/egypt-and-the-ptolemaic-empire/07B9E2E550221B9C377EF2F1B908BCD9",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Ptolemaic monetary and fiscal institutions in comparative context",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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    "source_id": "S119",
    "title": "International Credit Union Day History",
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    "publication_date": "",
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    "source_tier": "Tier 3",
    "claims_supported": "Credit-union movement chronology",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S120",
    "title": "The Great Recession",
    "author_or_institution": "Robert Rich",
    "publication": "Federal Reserve History",
    "publication_date": "2013-11-22",
    "direct_url": "https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great-recession-of-200709",
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    "claims_supported": "Chronology and institutional consequences of the Great Recession",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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    "source_id": "S121",
    "title": "The doom loop: sovereigns and banks",
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    "publication_date": "2023",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2023e2.htm",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Modern sovereign-bank feedback mechanisms",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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    "source_id": "S122",
    "title": "Bank Failures in Brief",
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    "publication": "FDIC",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.fdic.gov/bank-failures/failed-bank-list",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Current U.S. failed-bank list and resolution data",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S123",
    "title": "About the Federal Reserve Banks' FedNow Service",
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    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.frbservices.org/financial-services/fednow/about.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Current U.S. instant-payment infrastructure",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S124",
    "title": "API Specifications",
    "author_or_institution": "Open Banking Limited",
    "publication": "Open Banking Standards",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://standards.openbanking.org.uk/api-specifications/",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Current UK open-banking API standards",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S125",
    "title": "Introduction to structured data markup in Google Search",
    "author_or_institution": "Google Search Central",
    "publication": "Google Developers",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/intro-structured-data",
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    "claims_supported": "Structured-data purpose, validation and non-guarantee of rich results",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S126",
    "title": "General structured data guidelines",
    "author_or_institution": "Google Search Central",
    "publication": "Google Developers",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sd-policies",
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    "claims_supported": "Structured-data quality and policy requirements",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S127",
    "title": "Hundi/Hawala: The Problem of Definition",
    "author_or_institution": "Marina Martin",
    "publication": "Modern Asian Studies",
    "publication_date": "2009",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/hundihawala-the-problem-of-definition1/0CD2B3BF3DC118187C98592321AE13CC",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Definition, historical usage and hazards of equating hundi with a single European instrument",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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    "source_id": "S128",
    "title": "Trade and Finance",
    "author_or_institution": "Tirthankar Roy and collaborators",
    "publication": "The Cambridge Economic History of Modern South Asia",
    "publication_date": "2026",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-modern-south-asia/trade-and-finance/B7F2BC8739324B03F232056C0A1B8664",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "South Asian merchant firms, hundis and modern financial development",
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    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S129",
    "title": "Banking in the Bazaar: The Nattukottai Chettiars",
    "author_or_institution": "David West Rudner",
    "publication": "Rethinking Markets in Modern India, Cambridge University Press",
    "publication_date": "2020",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/rethinking-markets-in-modern-india/banking-in-the-bazaar-the-nattukottai-chettiars/3E8F6444273505EA001385B2F5310679",
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    "claims_supported": "Chettiar banking networks and hundi instruments",
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    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S130",
    "title": "Banknote, Ming dynasty Hongwu issue",
    "author_or_institution": "The British Museum",
    "publication": "British Museum Collection",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_CIB-EA-260",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Material evidence for early Chinese paper currency",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S131",
    "title": "The Cambridge Economic History of China, 1800–1950",
    "author_or_institution": "Debin Ma and Richard von Glahn (eds.)",
    "publication": "Cambridge University Press",
    "publication_date": "2022",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/18001950/3D88F4D3A2D145374EFA10FCE25C4CBC",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Modern Chinese currency, native banks, government banks and financial transformation",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S132",
    "title": "History",
    "author_or_institution": "Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena",
    "publication": "Banca MPS",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.gruppomps.it/en/about-us/history.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Institution's 1472 origin claim and transformation from Monte Pio toward banking",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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  {
    "source_id": "S133",
    "title": "Ordinances of the Exchange Table of Barcelona",
    "author_or_institution": "Generalitat de Catalunya",
    "publication": "Catalunya, País d'Arxius",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://patrimoni.gencat.cat/en/catalunyapaisdarxius/digital-resource/resource/document/ordinacions-de-la-taula-de-canvi-de-barcelona/",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Primary-document context and official account of the Taula de Canvi founded in 1401",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S134",
    "title": "The Taula de Canvi of Barcelona: success and troubles of a public bank in the fifteenth century",
    "author_or_institution": "Laura Miquel Milian",
    "publication": "Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies",
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    "direct_url": "https://producciocientifica.uv.es/documentos/6444ee5948c3090deaa26d8c",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Public-bank status, operations and difficulties of the Taula de Canvi",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S135",
    "title": "A Profile of Genoa's Casa di San Giorgio (1407–1805)",
    "author_or_institution": "Giuseppe Felloni",
    "publication": "Rivista di storia economica",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://rivisteweb.it/download/article/10.1410/33141?rwSearchIds=%5BRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A101553%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A101554%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A109296%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A116434%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A109299%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A30914%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A106222%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A114576%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A109294%2CRivisteweb%3AARTICOLO%3A33141%5D",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Casa di San Giorgio's public-debt administration, institutional functions and longevity",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S136",
    "title": "The Bank of Venice",
    "author_or_institution": "Charles F. Dunbar",
    "publication": "The Quarterly Journal of Economics",
    "publication_date": "1892",
    "direct_url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882461",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Banco di Rialto, Banco del Giro and Venetian public banking",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S137",
    "title": "The Descent of Central Banks (1400–1815)",
    "author_or_institution": "Charles Goodhart",
    "publication": "Central Banks at a Crossroads, Cambridge University Press",
    "publication_date": "2016",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/central-banks-at-a-crossroads/descent-of-central-banks-14001815/584229B40574FEDD79C584FAB14DF7CA",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Lineage and definitional debate around early public and central banks",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S138",
    "title": "Banking Act of 1933 (Glass-Steagall)",
    "author_or_institution": "Federal Reserve History",
    "publication": "Federal Reserve System",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/glass-steagall-act",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Separation of commercial and investment banking and creation of FDIC",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
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  {
    "source_id": "S139",
    "title": "Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 (Gramm-Leach-Bliley)",
    "author_or_institution": "Federal Reserve History",
    "publication": "Federal Reserve System",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gramm-leach-bliley-act",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Partial repeal of Glass-Steagall separation and financial holding companies",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
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  {
    "source_id": "S140",
    "title": "The development of the building societies sector in the 1980s",
    "author_or_institution": "Bank of England",
    "publication": "Quarterly Bulletin",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/quarterly-bulletin/1990/q4/the-development-of-the-building-societies-sector-in-the-1980s",
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    "claims_supported": "Building-society business model, regulation and transformation",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
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    "source_id": "S141",
    "title": "The evolving landscape of UK financial mutuals",
    "author_or_institution": "Laura Wallis",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/speech/2025/december/laura-wallis-speech-given-at-the-building-societies-association-and-bayes-business-school",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Historical origins and contemporary development of building societies and mutuals",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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  {
    "source_id": "S142",
    "title": "World Bank Group Historical Timeline",
    "author_or_institution": "World Bank Group Archives",
    "publication": "World Bank",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/timeline",
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    "claims_supported": "Creation and institutional evolution of the World Bank Group",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S143",
    "title": "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development",
    "author_or_institution": "World Bank",
    "publication": "World Bank",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://projects.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/ibrd",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "IBRD founding purpose and development-bank role",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S144",
    "title": "2017 Survey of National Development Banks",
    "author_or_institution": "World Bank",
    "publication": "World Bank Open Knowledge Repository",
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    "direct_url": "https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b029f3b0-0821-5e8c-8438-d9721a720003",
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    "claims_supported": "Functions and institutional diversity of national development banks",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S145",
    "title": "Life Insurance and Investment Banking at the Time of the Armstrong Investigation of 1905–1906",
    "author_or_institution": "Morton Keller",
    "publication": "The Journal of Economic History",
    "publication_date": "1961",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/life-insurance-and-investment-banking-at-the-time-of-the-armstrong-investigation-of-19051906/56E3EE385663110CB98DFC290CA02F83",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Investment banks, securities markets and institutional relationships in the United States",
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    "source_id": "S146",
    "title": "J. P. Morgan in London and New York before 1914",
    "author_or_institution": "Leslie Hannah",
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    "publication_date": "2011-05-11",
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    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Merchant and investment banking, underwriting and transatlantic capital markets",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S147",
    "title": "Information asymmetries and conflict of interest during the Baring crisis, 1880–1890",
    "author_or_institution": "Marc Flandreau and Juan H. Flores",
    "publication": "Financial History Review",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/financial-history-review/article/information-asymmetries-and-conflict-of-interest-during-the-baring-crisis-188018901/F7A751A4AC3D90669DFD370A387D3E9C",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Sovereign underwriting, information problems and the Baring crisis",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S148",
    "title": "The role of private bankers in the US payments system, 1835–1865",
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    "claims_supported": "Private-bank networks, drafts and long-distance payments in the United States",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S149",
    "title": "The World Bank: History",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history",
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    "claims_supported": "World Bank creation and development mandate",
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  {
    "source_id": "S150",
    "title": "Introduction",
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    "claims_supported": "Historical functions of bank capital and diversity of banking models",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S151",
    "title": "The Monsoon and the Market for Money in Late-colonial India",
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    "claims_supported": "Seasonal credit, indigenous bankers and hundi markets in colonial India",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S152",
    "title": "Transition of Credit Organizations: Caste Bankers in Colonial India",
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    "publication": "Social Science History",
    "publication_date": "2017",
    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/transition-of-credit-organizations-caste-bankers-in-colonial-india/C89BA7AD6C5D1DE792AC4F813BBC7524",
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    "claims_supported": "Caste banking firms, hundi instruments and colonial institutional change",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S153",
    "title": "Monetary Systems and the Global Balance of Payments Adjustment in the Pre-Gold Standard Period, 1700–1870",
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    "publication": "The Cambridge Economic History of the Modern World",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-the-modern-world/monetary-systems-and-the-global-balance-of-payments-adjustment-in-the-pregold-standard-period-17001870/0FC7DA2F9137FE2A274D8F4063BD9074",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Hundi, bills of exchange and cross-regional monetary systems",
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    "source_id": "S154",
    "title": "China, 500–1000 A.D.",
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    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eac.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Tang-period flying-money exchange notes and chronology",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "source_id": "S155",
    "title": "Money, Markets, and Merchants",
    "author_or_institution": "Yōhei Kakinuma",
    "publication": "The Cambridge Economic History of China, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/money-markets-and-merchants/556EB1B8C44558030E1C41D15A8858CD",
    "source_tier": "Tier 2",
    "claims_supported": "Chinese monetary systems, merchants and flying-cash instruments through the Tang period",
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    "source_id": "S156",
    "title": "‘Cannot Be Fed on When Starving’: An Analysis of the Economic Thought Surrounding China’s Earlier Use of Paper Money",
    "author_or_institution": "Niv Horesh",
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    "claims_supported": "Tang flying cash and early Chinese paper-money development",
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    "source_id": "S157",
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    "direct_url": "https://rbi.org.in/history/Brief_History.html",
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    "claims_supported": "Reserve Bank of India Act 1934, commencement in 1935, nationalisation and institutional roles",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "claims_supported": "Berenberg's 1590 trading-house origin and evolution toward banking",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S160",
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    "direct_url": "https://www.bankofscotland.co.uk/about-us/our-heritage.html",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Bank of Scotland's 1695 founding, note issue, branches and technology milestones",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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  {
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    "claims_supported": "Coutts' 1692 goldsmith-banking origin and institutional chronology",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
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    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S162",
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    "claims_supported": "Barclays' lineage to London goldsmith bankers active in 1690",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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  {
    "source_id": "S163",
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    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.bnymellon.com/us/en/about-us/history.html",
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    "claims_supported": "Bank of New York's 1784 founding and corporate lineage",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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    "source_id": "S164",
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    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "SBI lineage through Bank of Calcutta, Presidency banks, Imperial Bank and SBI",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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  {
    "source_id": "S165",
    "title": "BMO celebrates its history",
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    "claims_supported": "Bank of Montreal's 1817 founding and early Canadian banking role",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
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  {
    "source_id": "S166",
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    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/company-overview/our-history/",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Bank of New South Wales 1817 origin and Westpac lineage",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S167",
    "title": "Our History",
    "author_or_institution": "National Bank of Greece",
    "publication": "National Bank of Greece",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.nbg.gr/en/group/activities/our-history",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "National Bank of Greece's 1841 establishment and institutional chronology",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S168",
    "title": "Our history",
    "author_or_institution": "Banco Santander",
    "publication": "Santander",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.santander.com/en/about-us/our-history",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Santander's 1857 founding to facilitate Spain-Americas trade and later evolution",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S169",
    "title": "Our history",
    "author_or_institution": "HSBC",
    "publication": "HSBC Holdings",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://www.hsbc.com/who-we-are/our-strategy-and-values/our-history",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "HSBC's 1865 Hong Kong founding and trade-finance purpose",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S170",
    "title": "HSBC History Timeline",
    "author_or_institution": "HSBC Archives",
    "publication": "HSBC History",
    "publication_date": "",
    "direct_url": "https://history.hsbc.com/history/timeline",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Branch, technology and international banking milestones since 1865",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S171",
    "title": "Annual report and accounts for the year ending 31 December 1865",
    "author_or_institution": "The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Company",
    "publication": "HSBC Global Archives",
    "publication_date": "1866",
    "direct_url": "https://history.hsbc.com/collections/global-archives/the-hongkong-and-shanghai-banking-corporation-1/annual-report-and-accounts/annual-report-and-accounts-of-the-hongkong-and-shanghai-banking-company-limited-for-the-year-ending-31-dec-1865",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Primary archival evidence for HSBC's first year and corporate form",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S172",
    "title": "Bank Runs With and Without Bank Failure",
    "author_or_institution": "Sergio Correia, Stephan Luck, and Emil Verner",
    "publication": "Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 1198",
    "publication_date": "2026-07",
    "direct_url": "https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr1198",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Large historical bank-run dataset; relationship among runs, fundamentals, and failure",
    "access_date": "2026-09-09",
    "archival_url": "",
    "volatility": "durable"
  },
  {
    "source_id": "S173",
    "title": "IADI Core Principles for Effective Deposit Insurance Systems",
    "author_or_institution": "International Association of Deposit Insurers",
    "publication": "IADI",
    "publication_date": "2025-09",
    "direct_url": "https://www.iadi.org/uploads/Core-Principles-September-2025.pdf",
    "source_tier": "Tier 1",
    "claims_supported": "Current international principles for deposit-insurance design, mandates, resolution interfaces, and public awareness",
    "access_date": "2026-08-26",
    "archival_url": "https://www.iadi.org/what-we-do/policy/core-principles/",
    "volatility": "live-check required"
  }
]
